E-Portfolio II part
Unit 4
Conditional with If
·
Use the real
conditional to talk about a possible situation in the future.
Form: If + simple
present/present continuous/ present perfect, future/ present continuous/
imperative + verb.
Example: If I live to see this
thing through, everything will go well.
·
Use the present
unreal conditional to talk about unreal or imagined situations in the
present/future.
Form: If + past simple/
past continuous, would + verb.
Example: If I lived in the
country I`d do a lot more walking.
·
Use past unreal
conditional to talk about past situation that did not happen.
Form: If + past perfect,
would have + past participle
Example: If she had studied
more, she would have passed the exam.
Modals
·
Use must/ must
not to talk about present or future obligation that come from an outside
authority.
Example: You must stop at a red light.
·
Use have to/ have
got to talk about strong present and future obligations that often come from
outside the speaker.
Example: You have to quit smoking.
· Use don´t have to
or don´t need to talk about a lack of obligation in the present or future.
Example: You don´t have to be in perfect shape.
· Use should to talk
about obligations and duties in the future, present or past and to give advice.
Example: You should start an exercise routine.
·
Use supposed to to
talk about what people have to do according to rules or about what is expected
to happen.
Example: You´re supposed
to leave your cell phone
behind.
Emphasis
·
Repetition.
Example: He is a very, very
nice person.
·
Add an emphasizing
word.
Example: they are such a
nice couple.
· It
is/was…which/that
Example: it´s the kitchen
that I particularly like about that house.
· Add an appropriate
form of do.
Example: I do like Megan
Fox.
Unit vocabulary
Find out, pass out, back out, run
out, put out, make out, turn out, sort out, risk, vast, dream, gamble, chance,
hazard, opportunity, ambition, substancial, at stake, big.
Unit 5
Past routines
· Use used to to
talk about past habits and states that do not happen now.
Example: I used to catch
the bus to work, but now I go by bike.
·
Use would to
talk about past habits but not past states.
Example: He would sleep in
a shelter.
· Use be used to to
say when you have become accustomed to a new situation.
Example: He is used to
sleeping in a shelter.
· Use get used to to
describe the process of becoming accustomed to a new situation.
Example: He is getting used
to sleeping in a shelter.
Expressing degrees
of ability
·
Use can to talk
about present or general ability.
Example: He can speak
Russian very well.
·
Use will be
able to to talk about future ability.
Example: She´ll be able run
faster by next year.
· Use
could or was/ were able to to talk about past or general ability.
Example: I was able to walk
by ten months.
· Use
was/ were able to, managed to, or succeeded in (+-ing) to say what someone
could do on a particular occasion.
Example: We succeed in
finding the perfect present for my sister.
Although/ however/
nevertheless
Form: Although + clause,
clause
Example: although she was
half an hour late, they decided to wait a little longer.
Form: clause, although + clause
Example: They decided to
wait a bit longer, although she was half an hour late.
Form: Sentence +
however/ nevertheless, + clause (nevertheless is formal)
Example: She was half an
hour late. However, they decided to wait a big longer.
You have not been with this company
long. Nevertheless, I am still going to promote you.
Unit vocabulary
Suspicious, annoyed, uneasy,
optimistic, curious, relieved, shocked, curly, spiky, straight, wavy, dyed,
wrinkles, chubby, curly, dyed, wavy, muscular, slim, stocky, scruffy, elegant,
tanned, attractive, remember, memory, souvenir, remind, nostalgic.
Unit 6
Present perfect
vs. present perfect continuous
· Use the present
perfect to talk about an action or experience in the past when the time is not
important or not kwown.
Example: I`ve visited several
countries in South America.
·
Use the
present perfect to describe an action that started in the past and continues in
the present.
Example: I`ve lived here
since last January.
· Use the present
perfect continuous when focusing on the activity itself.
Example: He`s been playing
tennis for three hours.
· Use the present
perfect to describe an action that happened in the past but has a result in the
present.
Example: The mail has come.
there`s a letter for you.
Direct and
Indirect questions
·
There are two main
types or direct question: yes/ no questions and wh- questions.
Example: Are you going to
Maria`s party on Saturday?
Where did she learn to speak such
good Spanish?
· Subject question
are used when the question word refers to the subject of the sentence.
Example: The teacher told
us to go. > Who told you to go?
·
Use indirect
questions when you want to be polite, such as when you don’t know someone.
Example: Can you tell me
where the nearest bank is?
Making comparisons
· Add -er and –est
to form the comparatives and superlatives of one-syllable adjectives and
adverbs, two-syllable adjectives, and adverbs ending in y.
·
For two syllable adjectives
ending in y, form the comparative and superlative by removing the y and adding
-ier or -iest.
· Use more and most
to form the comparatives and superlatives of adjectives and adverbs with
two or more syllables.
·
Very is not
used to modify comparatives.
·
You can also use
(not) as…as to make comparisons.
Unit vocabulary
Cool, mild, chilly, clear,
changeable, breeze, sunny, to go as a solo traveler, to wander around, to
experience culture shock, emigrate, set off, be off, live abroad.
Unit 7
Count and noncount
nouns
· Count nouns are
words like banana or hotel. They can use a singular or plural form of the verb.
Example: apple, cell phone, computer.
·
Noncount nouns
are words like food, information or equipment. They use a singular form of
the verb.
Example: Information, coffee,
sugar.
Passive forms
· Use active forms
when the subject is the person or thing that does the action.
·
Use passive forms
when who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant.
· Use by to say who
did the action.
· Use the passive in
any tense and with modal verbs.
Causative forms:
have/ get (something) done
Form: have (or get) + object + past
participle
·
To talk about
arranging for something to be done by someone else.
Example: I have my hair dyed once
every six months.
· To talk about
things that happen to us or to describe an experience.
Example: I had my bike stolen last
week.
· There is another
use of get + object + past participle
Example: I need to get my homework
done.
Unit vocabulary
Unit 8
Stating preference
·
It`s
time is used to mean “I should have done something already or at least started
it.”
Form: It`s time + subject + past
tense.
Example: It`s time you did your
homework.
·
I`d
rather is used to say what you`d prefer someone else to do.
Form: subject + would rather +
object + past tense + (+ than…).
Example: I`d rather you didn`t smoke
in here.
·
I`d
rather is used to talk about what you`d prefer to do.
Form: subject + would rather + verb
(+than…).
Example: I`d rather not spend all day
lying on the beach.
·
I`d
better is used to talk about something when it is advisable to do it in the
present or future.
Form: Subject + had better + verb
Example: I`d better fix the window
as soon as I can.
Reported Speech
·
Use
“reported” or “indirect” speech to tell people what somebody said or thougth.
Tense change, modal verb change,
subject pronoun change, objects pronoun change, time reference change, word
order change.
Example: I want to go out – She said (that) she wanted
to go out.
Adjectives and adverbs: Hard and
Hardly
·
Hard
as an adjective means firm and difficult to cut or breack.
Example: The mattress is too hard.
·
Hard
as an adverb means using a lot of effort or force.
Example: she`s been working hard all
day.
·
Hardly
is an adverb which means almost not or very little.
Example: I hardly know the people in
my class
·
Hardly
is often used with anything, anyone, anywhere, and ever.
Example: we hardly ever go out in
the evening.
Proyect # 4
#5
#4
#3
#4
#5
Project #4
